6. Bibliographies

At the end of your essay, make sure to include a bibliography which lists all works consulted in the course of researching and writing your essay. At the very least make sure that it includes all the works you have referenced.

The format of bibliography entries is almost the same as for footnotes, just note the following:

  • Bibliographies are lists, so neither the items in the list nor the bibliography as a whole need to end with full stops.
  • Bibliographies are arranged in alphabetical order, organised by author surname.
  • Given this, each entry should begin with the author's surname (rather than first name as in footnotes).
  • If the source has two authors, only the first should be reversed as in the final example below.
  • If you have referenced more than one source by the same author, replace the author field with a long dash for subsequent entries. This is not shown below, but can be seen in the bibliography example document.
  • Apart from the changes in terms of author names and full stops, bibliography entries follow the same rules as for footnotes - remember to include page ranges for chapters, journal articles and anything published in collections - though clearly there is no need for specific page/line references.

For example:

Alsford, Stephen, 'History of Medieval Lynn: Origins and Early Growth', Medieval English Towns (2012) <http://users.trytel.com/~tristan/towns/lynn1.html>; [accessed 31 August 2012]

Bender, John, ‘Prison Reform and the Sentence of Narration in The Vicar of Wakefield’, in The New 18th Century: Theory, Politics, English Literature, ed. by Felicity Nussbaum and Laura Brown (London: Methuen, 1987), pp. 180-96

Brontë, Charlotte, Villette, ed. by Margaret Smith and Herbert Rosengarten (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990)

Conradi, Peter, 'Iris Murdoch and Wales', Transactions of the Radnorshire Society, 75 (2005), 26-34

Friedland, Jonathan, ‘Across the Divide’, Guardian, 15 January 2002

Hall, Catherine and Leonore Davidoff, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850, 2nd edition (London: Routledge, 2002)


See our bibliography example document for how to format a bibliography.