In the 1930s fascism startled the world as a new ideology that challenged the existing political order. But were the ideas and practices that seemed to define fascism really so new and different? In 1937 the future President of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, declared that 'fascism and Empire are blood brothers.' This module emphasizes sources from people living under colonialism. Dissertation topic options are wide: students could explore, for example, fascist paramilitary groups in India or South Africa, the role of the Communist International in colonial anti-fascism, fascism in Britain, German territorial expansion as colonialism, anti-colonial movements and fascism, or Black Power’s discussion of fascism in the 1960s and 1970s.