'Ibid', 'loc. cit.' and 'op.cit.'
You will sometimes see books and articles that use the expressions 'loc. cit.' and 'op. cit.', and the term 'ibid', for second or subsequent references. These are abbreviations from Latin: 'loc. cit.' (from the Latin loco citato, 'in the place cited'); 'op. cit.' (from the Latin opere citato, 'in the work cited'); 'ibid' (from the Latin ibidem, 'in the same place'). These are confusing to many readers, give little or no saving in words or space, and are not recommended.
