## Section

• ### General Information

Lecture Notes

There will be reasonably full lecture notes for the module.  These will be released in 6–8 parts at intervals of 1–2 weeks.  The notes are heavily based on notes created by Peter Cameron, and I am indebted to him for making these available.  Each chapter will appear first as a draft.  We'll revise the notes as the module progresses, and a final version will appear when the relevant material has been covered.

The lectures will provide some leisurely expansion of the more challenging parts of the syllabus, together with motivational material, examples, etc.

Relationship to Linear Algebra I

• Particularly near the beginning of the module, we'll be reviewing material from Linear Algebra I,a and we'll move briskly while doing this.
• Sometimes we'll be expanding on material from Linear Algebra I, e.g., by supplying proofs.
• Sometimes we'll be coming at familiar concepts from a different, often more abstract, direction.
• Often we'll be exploring new territory.

Format of the examination paper

The rubric will be the similar to last year, i.e., "answer all five questions".

Engagement monitoring

Engagement will be monitored in line with the School's Student Engagement Policy

If you would like to pursue this topic in further depth, I suggest reading Sheldon Axler, Linear Algebra Done Right (3rd edition), Springer-Verlag, 2015. ISBN 978-3-319-11079-0.

• ### Lecture log (a record of the progress of the module)

• Tuesday 26th September, 16:00–18:00. Rough outline of the module. Definitions: field, vector space. Terminology. Why this generality? Examples: vectors in R2; more generally Kn for an arbitrary field K (verify a couple of the axioms for this example), functions S → R, polynomials of degree n − 1.  Definitions: what it means for a list of vectors to be linearly dependent, independent, spanning, form a basis. Examples.
• Thursday 28th September, 12:00–13:00. Span of a list of vectors. Finite dimensional vector space. Thinning out a dependent list of vectors (Lemma 1.12). Example.  Exchange Lemma (Lemma 1.13).  Theorem 1.5: Any two bases of a finite dimensional vector space have the same cardinality, etc.
• Tuesday 3rd October, 16:00–18:00. Coordinate representation of a vector relative to a basis. Any n-dimensional vector space over a field K is isomorphic to (is essentially the same as) the vector space Kn. Translating between different bases, transition matrices and their properties (covered swiftly, as this is revision of material in Lin. Alg, I). Subspace of a vector space. Alternative characterisation as a subset closed under vector addition and scalar product.
• Thursday 5th October, 12:00–13:00.  Examples of subspaces: the span of a set of vectors, intersection and sum of subspaces.  A non-example: union of subspaces. Relationship between the dimensions of U, W, U ∩ W and U + W (Theorem 1.25).
• Tuesday 10th October, 16:00–18:00.  The case when dim(U ∩ W) = 0 is of special interest.  In this case, very element is uniquely expressible as a sum of an element of U and an element of W. We call U + W the direct sum of U and W.  The direct sum of more than two subspaces, dimension of a direct sum of several subspaces. Matrix algebra (revision of Lin. Alg. I). Elementary row and column operations, and the corresponding elementary matrices. Definition:  row and column spaces, and row and column ranks.
• Thursday 12th October, 12:00–13:00. Lemma 2.9. Elementary column operations preserve the column space and row rank, and symmetrically for row operation. Proof. Canonical form for equivalence. Theorem 2.10: Every matrix can be reduced using elementary row and column operations to a matrix in canonical form.  (The algorithm for accomplishing this reduction is left as a reading exercise.  The example application was interrupted by a fire alarm.)
• Tuesday 17th October, 16:00–18:00.  For every matrix A there are invertible matrices P and Q such that PAQ is in the canonical form for equivalence. Worked example of the construction of P and Q. Definition of equivalence of matrices; equivalence is an equivalence relation. A matrix is invertible iff it has rank n. Every invertible matrix is the product of elementary matrices. An invertible matrix can be reduced to the identity matrix by elementary row (or column) operations alone. Two matrices are equivalent iff they have the same rank. New topic: determinants. Sign of a permutation, examples.
• Thuresday 19th October, 12:00–13:00.  Impact on the sign of a permutation resulting from composing with a transposition. Leibniz formula for the determinant.  Example: 3 × 3 determinant.  Three properties (D1)–(D3) that a function on square matrices might satisfy. (The eventual aim is to show that the determinant is the unique function satisfying (D1)–(D3).)  Proof that det(.), as defined by the Leibniz formula, satisfies (D1)–(D3). (To gain intuition, the proof for the (D2) part was preceded by a 3 × 3 example.   The easier parts (D1) and (D3) were left a reading exercises.)
• Tuesday 24th October, 16:00–18:00. Theorem. There is a unique function on matrices satisfying (D1)–(D3); this function is det().. First step: investigate the effect of elementary row operations on D, an arbitrary function satisfying (D1)–(D3). Finish with a case analysis according to whether A is invertible or not. Some corollaries: a square matrix is invertible A iff det(A) ≠ 0; effect of elementary row operations on the determinant; det(AB) = det(A)det(B). Everything we stated for rows can be stated for columns; det(A^T) = det(A). Definition: minor and cofactor. Laplace or cofactor expansion. (Proof of equivalence to the Leibniz formula omitted; see printed notes/Wikipedia/Q2 on assignment 5.)
• Thursday 26th October, 12:00–13:00. Adjugate matrix. Theorem: A.Adj(A) = det(A) I. (Note matrix multiplication on the left and scalar multiplication on the right!) Proof omitted: see printed notes or Lin. Alg. 1. Matrices with polynomial entries vs. polynomials with matrix coefficients. Characteristic polynomial p_A(x) of a matrix A. Cayley-Hamilton Theorem: p_A(A) = O. Example. Proof. T
• Tuesday 31st October, 16:00–18:00. Linear maps between vector spaces. Definition of linear map, image, kernel. The image and kernel of a linear map are subspaces. Proof for image only;  kernel is a reading exercise.  Rank-nullity Theorem. Proof. Representing a linear map relative to specified bases by a matrix. Proof that applying a linear map is equivalent to multiplying by this matrix.
• Thursday 2nd November, 12:00–13:00. Definition of sum and product of linear maps. Relative to given bases, sum and product of linear maps correspond to sum and product of the corresponding matrices. Proof for the case of product. Example. Change of bases: how does the matrix representing a linear map change as the bases of the vector spaces change? Answer: the new matrix is related to the old by the relation of equivalence. Proof.
• Tuesday 14th November, 16:00–18:00. New topic: linear maps on a vector space. Definition of projection. For a projection π on V, it is the case that V is the direct sum of Im(π) and Ker(π). Proof. Converse. For several projections on V satisfying certain conditions, V is the direct sum of the images of the projections. Converse. Linear maps and matrices. Definition of similarity for matrices. Two matrices represent the same linear map if they are similar.  Definitions: eigenvectors, eigenvalues, eigenspaces. Example.
• Thursday 16th November, 12:00–13:00. Definition: diagonalisable linear map. Lemma. A linear map on V is diagonalisable if there is a basis of V consisting of eigenvectors. Example. Lemma: eigenvectors with distinct eigenvalues are linearly independent. Proof. Theorem: the following are equivalent for a linear map alpha on V: (a) alpha is diagonalisable, (b) V is the direct sum of eigenspaces, and (c) alpha is a linear combination of projections satisfying certain properties. Proof of (a) => (b).

• ### Week 9

• Available until 31 August 2017, 11:00 AM
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• ### Week 10

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• ### Week 11

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• ### Week 12

• Available until 31 August 2017, 11:00 AM
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• ### Revision - Final Exam

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